IJoralemon Street Tunnel ukusuka kwikhadi leposi le-1913. Indawo yoluntu.Kwasekuqaleni kuka-2019, uloliwe u-L kwisiXeko saseNew York uza kuvalwa iinyanga ezili-15 ukulungisa umonakalo obangelwe yiNkanyamba uSandy. Ukukhokelela ekuvalweni, i-MediaMente iya kubonelela ngohlaziyo olufanelekileyo kunye nezindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo, kunye neeprofayili zamalungu oluntu kunye namashishini ecaleni kwendlela echaphazelekayo kuthotho esilubiza ngokuba yiTunnel Vision. Funda ngakumbi malunga neprojekthi Apha .
Ngentsasa yangoMvulo, isixeko saseNew York kunye ne-apos; s inkqubo engaphantsi komhlaba ibe nenye into yokunyibilika. Ngeli xesha , ibiyingxaki yomqondiso eRockefeller Centre kunye nophando eDowntown Manhattan, ebangele ifuthe lebhabhathane elishiye imigca eliqela igxunyekwe phantsi komhlaba. 'Wonwabile ngoMvulo kusasa @NYCTSubway!' umkhweli omnye Ubhale kuTwitter , kunye nefoto yeqonga lomgaqo ongaphantsi komhlaba oxineneyo. 'Lungisa le shit.'
Amaxesha amaninzi xa sicinga ngeendlela ezihamba ngaphantsi komhlaba, ezi zezona ndawo zoxinzelelo zibonakalayo — ukusilela komqondiso, ukugcwala kwabantu, oololiwe abarhuqayo, njl. Njl. Kodwa uninzi lwezo ngxaki zinxibelelene nesiseko ngokwaso. Njengenkqubo enkulu yendlela engaphantsi komhlaba, iNew York inayo ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-800 zomkhondo Ukusebenza kuyo, oko kuthetha ukuba amathuba okusilela makhulu kakhulu kunesixeko sakho esiqhelekileyo.
Kwaye akukho ndawo apho loo ndawo isesichengeni kunangaphantsi kwamanzi.
Inkqubo yangaphantsi kweSixeko saseNew York ine-16 yetonela yendlela engaphantsi komhlaba, ukuba thina & apos sibala izithuba ezincinci, njengeNewtown Creek kunye neHarlem River. Elo nani liyakhula ukuba songeza kwiitonela zendlela i-Long Island Rail Road, PATH Train, New Jersey Transit, kunye neAmtrak. Xa iNkanyamba uSandy yabetha, ngo-2012, inani elikhulu lala matonela lakhukuliswa ngamanzi, labakhubaza de abasebenzi bakwazi ukukhupha amanzi. Itonela lesitalato iMontague, elithatha oololiwe abakwa-N no-R phakathi kweManhattan neBrooklyn ngaphantsi komlambo i-East River, kwafuneka livaliwe Iinyanga ezili-13 , Yokwakha ngokutsha ngokupheleleyo. I-Canarsie Tube, ehambisa iL, ngoku ijongene nemeko efanayo.
Kodwa ukuqonda ukuba kutheni, okanye njani, la matonela aba sesichengeni kangaka, kuthatha ukuqonda umbuzo abakhweli bakwaloliwe (mna ngokwam ndibandakanyiwe) bahlala bengazibuzi wona — ingaba zakhiwa njani kwasekuqaleni?
Xa ndabuza lo mbuzo kuMichael Horodniceanu, wakhawuleza wenza ingcaciso: Iitonela zendlela engaphantsi komhlaba eNew York ayisiyiyo 'phantsi kwamanzi,' kodwa kunoko, iphantsi komlambo. Ngaphandle kokuba, uyongeza, i-Tunnel yesitrato sama-63, ephethe uloliwe u-F ukuya eRoosevelt Island. Leyo yayiqikelelwa eMzantsi, yantanta yaya kutsho eNew York, kwaye ilahliwe ngokoqobo kwimisele eyayimbiwe kuMlambo i-East, kungcoliswe ilitye, kunye namatye eekhonkrithi ngaphezulu kwexesha. (Ke ukuba uyatshona nzulu ngokwaneleyo, awuzukubetha itonela? 'Hayi, kuba zigqunyiwe zonke,' undixelele. Ndiyazi, ngumbuzo osisithulu.)
UHorodniceanu angazi- kangangeminyaka esithoba, usebenze njengentloko yoLwakhiwo lweCapital yeMetropolitan Transit Authority (MTA), ejongene nenkqubo ezimbini kunye neepos zonyuka kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka: ulwandiso kaloliwe o-7 oluya e-Hudson Yards, nakwinqanaba lokuqala I-Second Avenue Subway (Wehla kulo nyaka.) Kodwa ezo, kunjalo, zakhiwa ngenkulungwane yama-21, zisebenzisa itekhnoloji yale mihla eyayingafumaneki ekupheleni kwe-20, xa uninzi lwenkqubo yendlela engaphantsi komhlaba njengoko siyazi yakhiwa.
I-Canarsie Tube, evulwe ngo-1924, yayakhiwe ngendlela efanayo uninzi lwetonela zedolophu kunye neepos, satsho uHorodniceanu. Abasebenzi babemba ngezandla zabo emlanjeni, befaka imisesane yentsimbi ejikeleze bona njengoko babehamba. Olo daka luthambileyo kwakulula ukumba kulo, kodwa lukhangeleka kakhulu; ikhaka kwakufuneka libekwe ngaphambili ukuvimba amanzi, ukuvumela abasebenzi ukuba baqhubeke. Yakuba yakhiwe itonela ebonakalayo, kongezwe umaleko wesibini wekhonkrithi, ukutywina.
Kodwa okwangoku, loo nto ayihlali ibambe. 'Ayikho into enje ngetonela elingenako ukuvuza, utshilo uHorodniceanu. Ayibikho & apos; ayikho. Ekugqibeleni, amanzi afumana indlela. ' Ingakumbi kwiitonela ezazakhiwe ngaphezulu kwekhulu leminyaka eyadlulayo. Kwaye xa nje amanzi engena, ichaphazela yonke into engaphakathi kwetonela — imiqondiso, izibane, nazo zonke ezinye izixhobo zombane ezinokujika intsasa yangoMvulo iye esihogweni somlilo.
Ayisiyondawo inzima ukulungisa ukuvuza. Kunzima kakhulu ukutshintsha yonke into ekhoyo, 'yongeza uHorodniceanu. Kwiitonela, unebhentshi kwelinye icala, ibhentshi yokufuduka. Ngaphakathi kwebhentshi kukho ii-gazillions zeetyhubhu ezihamba nazo zonke iintlobo zeenkqubo, kwaye inombolo yokuqala, zindala. Ngamanye amaxesha ikhonkrithi iyawa, kuba indala, kwaye yavezwa, ngakumbi ngoku ngokufuma, kodwa ke kungene amanzi. '
UHorodniceanu uthi umsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo ngexesha lokucinywa koololiwe uza kujongana nale mimandla mibini yengxaki, ngezinto zanamhlanje ezifaka ukungena kwamanzi ngaphandle, kunye nokuvuselelwa ngokutsha kwezinto ezihamba ngetonela. Le yokugqibela ichitha ixesha, uthi, ifuna abathengisi abaninzi ekufuneka basebenze ngokudibeneyo, ukuze yonke into iphakame kwaye ibaleke ngokukhawuleza. Ukugqiba kwiinyanga ezili-15-ixesha eliboniswe yi-MTA yetonela kunye nomsebenzi we-apos - 'iyenzeka, kodwa inomdla,' wongeze watsho.
Omnye wemicimbi ephambili emva phaya yayiyingcinezelo yomoya. Ngokudumileyo, xa usakha itonela ekhokelela kwiBrooklyn Bridge, ubuncinci ezintlanu Abasebenzi babulawa 'kukugoba,' okanye isifo soxinzelelo. Kwesinye isihlandlo, ikhaka & apos; zaphuma & apos; ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwepent, Ukuthumela indoda egama linguRichard Creedon inyuka uphuma kwi-4 kunye ne-5 itonela kaloliwe, ungene kwi-East River, kwaye phezulu emoyeni. Wasinda, waba ligorha lendawo.
Imijelo ngo-2017, kunjalo, yakhiwe ngokwahlukileyo. Umzekelo olungileyo ngu Iprojekthi yeHunson Tunnel , Isicwangciso sokwakha iitonela ezimbini ezitsha phantsi kwe Hudson ukuze kutshintshwe isakhiwo esele sikhona senkulungwane, siziinkonzo ze Amtrak, ne New Jersey Transit. Abantu abaninzi banokuyazi iNkqubo eNkulu yeGateway kunye ne-apos; eyandulela, iprojekthi ye-ARC (Ukufikelela kuMmandla kunye ne-apos; s), ukuba iRhuluneli yaseNew Jersey uChris Christie itshone, Ukucaphukisa uninzi lwelizwe lakhe kwinkqubo. (Ukumbombozela malunga nerhuluneli ephumayo yingxolo yangasemva nakweyiphi na ulibaziseko kaloliwe we-NJ Transit.)
Itonela yoMlambo i-Hudson esele ikho ngoku ayithembeki, kwaye inqaku elinye lokusilela kwiipesenti ezili-10 zesizwe kunye ne-apos, 'uCraig Schulz, isithethi seNkqubo yeGateway, undixelele. 'Oololiwe abangamakhulu amane anamashumi mahlanu ngosuku, ii-200,000 zabahambi kunye nohambo lwabakhweli olwenziwa yonke imihla, baxhomekeke kule asethi eneminyaka eyi-106. Le nto yakhiwa ngaphambi kokuba iTitanic iqale ukuhamba ngenqanawa, xa abakwaWright Brothers babesuka kwiModeli A baya kwiflaya yeModeli B. '
USchulz, njengabanye abaninzi, wabhekisa kuyo 'njengeyona nkqubo yeziseko ezingxamisekileyo eMelika.' 'Kufuneka itshintshwe,' wongeze watsho. 'Ifuna ukwakhiwa kwakhona ngaphakathi nangaphandle, kwaye akukho ndlela-ntle ayikho.'
Ukuze wenze oko, uyilo lweTunnel River Hudson kubandakanya oomatshini beTunnel Boring (ii-TBM) ezine, ethi, ukuba awukabinazo ndibone iividiyo , ikakhulu zezi zinto zoqheliso zibonakala ngathi ziyinto ongayiboniyo umntu eqhuba Mad Max. Okuqhotyoshelwe kwii-TBM ziibhanti zokuhambisa, ezikhupha ukungcola komlambo kunye nelitye. Njengokuba umatshini ujikeleza nzulu emhlabeni, abasebenzi balandela ngasemva, bongeze ukuhombisa, njengokukhanyisa, imikhondo kunye nokugqitywa kwesamente.
Iitonela ezimbini ziimayile ezintathu ubude, kwaye zifuna ii-TBM ezimbini inye, eyakhelwe ngokwesiqhelo indawo yabo. Iipalisade, eya kuthi enye itonela idlule kuzo, inendawo enamatye aqinileyo, efuna intloko yokusika eyahlukileyo kunenye itonela elingaphantsi komlambo. Ulwakhiwo nokusebenza kwee-TBM zenza inxenye ebalulekileyo yeprojekthi eqikelelweyo Ixabiso le-12.9 yezigidigidi zexabiso . (Iprojekthi ngoku igqibezela ingxelo yayo yefuthe lokusingqongileyo, kwaye ilindele inkxaso-mali.)
Xa ucinga ngobuchwephesha, umntu usenokuzibuza ukuba amatonela angaphantsi komhlaba awakhiwa ngesandla phantse kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo aye azigcina njani iibhiliyoni zabakhweli kangangexesha elide. Kodwa ayisiyiyo uyilo lwantlandlolo olubangela nayiphi na imiba. Yiyo nje ukuba indala, kwaye njengoko usazi kakuhle, iNew York ayizivali iindlela zazo ezingaphantsi, 'UMichael Wyetzner, umyili wezakhiwo kuMichielli + Wyetzner, onaye kubhalwe ngesihloko , undixelele. Iyasebenza ngokuqhubekayo, eyenza ukuba ibe ngumceli mngeni ngakumbi, kwaye ibeke ukonakala ngakumbi kuyo. '
Ngapha koko, uphikisa ukuba ubunjineli bobume obungene kula matonela 'babuyinto entle ngobuqaqawuli,' ummangaliso wolwakhiwo lwe-Industrial Age. Emva koko wakhankanya indlela yokusika kunye nesembozo isetyenziswe ngaphantsi kwezitrato zedolophu, akukho ndawo iphantsi komhlaba ngaphezu komgangatho ongaphantsi; iinjineli zisika imijelo ecaleni kwendlela, baphakamisa isamente, babeka imizila, emva koko bayibuyisela indlela ephezulu. 'I-apos yeyaseMelika kakhulu. Yi-New York kakhulu, 'uqhubeke watsho. 'I-apos, s pragmatic, kwaye kakhulu, & apos; Yenze nje! & Apos; Kwaye ke & ampos; bayihombise ngeethayile ezintle, endikhetha ukuba ndikhatyelwe kuzo. '
Kodwa njengalo naluphi na ulwakhiwo lobunjineli, uWyetzner wongeze, izixhobo zalo zifuna ukugcinwa — nto leyo abagxeki bathi, iarhente ayinayo inkxaso-mali ngokufanelekileyo kumashumi eminyaka. Kwaye iziphumo zoko zabonwa zizigidi zabakhweli ngentsasa yangoMvulo. 'Ifana nemoto-ukuba uyayigcina imoto yakho, izakuhlala ixesha elide kunokuba ungenzi nto,' wandixelela uWyetzner. Yiyo eyona nto ibangela ulibaziseko nokonakala. Ngaphandle kwesondlo, yonke into ihlala isonakala kwangoko. ' Landela uJohn Surico Twitter .
Inguqulelo yangaphambili yeli nqaku ichaze unyaka iNkanyamba uSandy ibetha iNew York. Kwakungo-2012, hayi ngo-2013.