Yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ngeentsalela ezingekazalwa ezingekatshati?

Ngo-2014, uphando lwase-Bhritane lwafumanisa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-15,000 isisu esikhulelweyo nesikhutshiweyo besitshisiwe kwizibhedlele zase-UK kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo. Babedityaniswe nenye inkunkuma yezamayeza, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ukutshiswa kwabo kunceda ukufudumeza kunye namandla kwizibhedlele ezifanayo apho loo mveku yaphuphuma khona. 'Amawakawaka eemveku ezingekazalwa zitshiselwe ukutshisa izibhedlele zase-UK,' yayingu isihloko ethe yafafazwa kwilizwe liphela kunye namaphepha.

Ngesiquphe, enye yoluntu & ezona ndawo zinde-ezimaxhaphetshu-ukuphuphuma kwesisu-ngequbuliso watyhalelwa ngaphambili kwilizwe kunye nokuqonda. Olo ngqwalaselo kwakukudala kulindelwe: E-UK, njengase-US, kwakungekho mgangatho welizwe wokusingathwa kwemveku ezingekazalwa.

Njengayo yonke imicimbi emalunga nokukhulelwa, zininzi iindlela umfazi anokufuna ukusisingatha isisu sakhe. Abanye abantu basetyhini bafumana intuthuzelo ekungcwabeni okanye ekutshiseni izidumbu zomntwana ongekazalwa; abanye abayithathi into yokuba umntwana wabo angalila, kwaye bakhethe ukuba iphathwe ecaleni kwenye inkunkuma yezamayeza. Kodwa imeko e-Melika ihlala iphanga abafazi kwezi zigqibo zizonke.

Ngokwamazwi ka-Erica noJoshua Raef, ukuphuma kwesisu 'yeyona nto iphantsi ekuxoxwa ngayo, kodwa yeyona ixhaphakileyo, imithombo yentliziyo.' Njengamawaka abazali e Melika, bayazi ukuba ukwaphuka kwentliziyo kulungile kakhulu. Ukukhulelwa kuka-Erica kunye ne-apos; kunyaka ophelileyo waphela ekuphumeni kwesisu.

Kudliwanondlebe ne-MediaMente, iiRaefs zichaze ukuba emva kokubona ukubetha kwentliziyo yosana kunye neeveki ngaphambili, baxelelwa kutyelelo lwabo olulandelayo ukuba ayisenayo. Oku bekuziiveki ezili-13 zokukhulelwa kukaErica & apos. Ngelixesha bebehleli phantsi bezama ukubala ukuba bazakulawula njani ukuphuma kwesisu, baxelelwa ukuba xa bengena esibhedlele abayi kukwazi ukuhambisa amathambo emakhaya bayokuwungcwaba. Olu lwazi, lubonelelwe kwiRaef & apos; ugqirha, ekuhambeni kwexesha kwafumaniseka ukuba ayichanekanga, kodwa nangona kunjalo yabakhokelela ekubeni bakhethe ukulinda ukuphuma kwesisu ekhaya, ngethemba lokuba bazokwazi ukudibanisa iintsalela zomntwana ngokwakhe.

Kuthathe iintsuku ezilishumi, kodwa ekugqibeleni umzimba kaErica & apos wabeleka, kwaye ngamagama akhe, 'babekwazi ukubona nokubamba [usana] lwabo oluncinci nolugqibeleleyo.' Kamva ngobo busuku, uErica waqala ukopha kwaye uJoshua wamleqa, engazi, waya e-ER.

Malunga neenyanga ezili-18 kamva, ngo-Epreli ka-2015, amaRaefs aphakama anika ubungqina ngamava abo kwiKomiti yezeMpilo yoLuntu yeNdlu yabameli baseTexas exhasa i-HB 635, umthetho osayilwayo oqale ukusebenza ekuqaleni kwale nyanga kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba Abazali baseTexas baya kuba nelungelo lokukhetha okwenzekayo kwintsalela yokukhulelwa emva kokuphuma kwesisu. Sele ummeli weXabiso, umbhali webhili, ulibonile ifuthe lolu tshintsho emthethweni. Ixabiso laxelela i-MediaMente, 'Emva kokuba i [HB 635] idlulile, uninzi lwabantu abatshatileyo baye batsalela umnxeba okanye bathumela iileta bechaza ukuba bazibone njani iimeko ezifanayo kwaye banombulelo ongazenzisiyo ngokuba ngoku lo izakuba ngumthetho.'

Ukuphuphuma kwesisu akunjalo, ngaphandle kokudideka kwintetho edumileyo, into efanayo nokuzalwa komntwana oswelekileyo. Rhoqo ngonyaka eUnited States kukho ngaphezulu Ama-23,000 okuzalwa kwakhona -Iintsholongwane ezifa esibelekweni emva kweeveki ezingama-20 okanye ngaphezulu kokukhulelwa. Ezi ntsana ziyafuneka ngokomthetho ukuba zingcwatywe okanye zitshiswe. Kwimimandla engama-34 , Abazali banokufumana 'iSatifikethi sokuZalwa kokuzalwa koMntwana oswelekileyo' okanye into efanayo ecaleni kwesatifikethi sokufa esinyanzelekileyo. Ukuphulukana nokukhulelwa ngaphambi kweeveki ezingama-20 kunokwenzeka ukuba umntwana abe njalo ukutshiswa kunye nenye imini yonke & inkunkuma yezonyango okanye utshiswe kwaye ungcwatyelwe kumhlaba ongaphawulwanga.

Nangona kunjalo inani lokuzalwa kwabantu abafayo eMelika lincinci ngenani lokulahleka kwesisu. Uqikelelo luyahluka ngenxa yokunqongophala kwengxelo, kodwa inani isondele kwisigidi esinye unyaka; phantse iipesenti ezingama-30 zokukhulelwa ziphela ekuphumeni kwesisu.

Ukususela ngo-2014, kumazwe angama-27 kwakungekho lungelo licacileyo lokuba umama (okanye umntu amkhethileyo) akhethe ukungcwatywa okanye ukutshiswa kosana olungekazalwa oluya kubhubha ngaphambi kwenqaku leeveki ezingama-20. Ngokuphinda sixhenxe, umntu unokukhetha ukungcwatywa okanye ukutshiswa komzimba kodwa akukho msebenzi uxelele umama ngala mandla. Oku kushiya iintsapho ezibandezelekileyo kwilimbo elisemthethweni kwaye kuninzi longeza kwintlungu kunye nokubandezeleka ngenxa yelahleko ngequbuliso. Kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu, kunokukhokelela kwiimeko ezinobungozi ezinje ngeeReafs & apos ;.

Ngokuka-Tanya Marsh, unjingalwazi wezomthetho kwiYunivesithi yaseWake Forest egxile kwezomngcwabo nomthetho wamangcwaba, 'eyona ngxaki iphambili kwezomthetho kukuba ayizange yenzeke nakubani na de kube kutshanje, kwicala lokwenziwa komthetho, ukuba le yinto ekufuneka beyenzile. Khathalela i.' Ayothusi le nto xa umntu ejonga ukungabikho kokuqonda koluntu malunga nokuphuma kwesisu. Kwiphepha lakutshanje kwiphephancwadi I-Obstetrics kunye neGynecology , Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabaphenduli abajongele phantsi ngokungaginyisi mathe kokungahambi kakuhle kokuphuma kwesisu. Ummeli weXabiso eline wathi nokuba kwinqanaba lowiso-mthetho, imfundo eninzi iyafuneka. Ixabiso lixelele i-MediaMente ukuba ngelixa beqhubela phambili i-bill yabo phambili, abameli bafuna 'ukuchitha ixesha elininzi befundisa amalungu kunye nabasebenzi kwiiofisi zomthetho kwiNdlu nakwiNdlu yeeNgwevu malunga nokuba kutheni le nto iyimfuneko. Uninzi lwabantu alunamava okanye ukuqonda ukuba kutheni le kunokuba yinto elungileyo. ' Ewe kunjalo, ibingengombandela wokuba amaXabiso amaBameli ebeziqwalasele de amaRaef amtyelele. UXabiso uthe, 'Olo tyelelo ibilelona nto ibangela lo mthetho uyilwayo.'

Kunzima ukutsho ukuba uninzi lokuphuphuma kwesisu kwenzeka nini ngexesha lokukhulelwa, nangona uninzi lwenzeka kwangoko kakhulu; kwiiveki zokuqala ezimbalwa, ukuphuphuma kwesisu okuninzi kunokungaqwalaselwa.

Amanqaku eeveki ezingama-20 okwahlula ukuphuma kwesisu kwinto yokuzalwa komntwana oswelekileyo ivulelekile kwizityholo zokungalawuleki. Ngokuka-Kristen Swanson, i-RN PhD, ukuqiqa emva kwelo candelo akwenzi ngqondo. Kudliwanondlebe ne-MediaMente, uSwanson wathi, 'Inkcazo yezomthetho ekucingelwa ukuba ixhomekeke kwinkcazo yezonyango, eyile, & apos; Ukuzalwa komntwana oswelekileyo kukuphulukana nokukhulelwa kudlule kwinqanaba lokulindeleka komntwana. & Apos; Ukuqhawulwa komthetho kuhlala kuneeveki ezingama-20. Kwiinkoliso ezininzi, sithathela ingqalelo uqhaqho lwezonyango njengeeveki ezingama-24. Sisebenzisa inkcazo yezomthetho yeeveki ezingama-20 esekwe kwinkcazo yezonyango engasebenziyo. '

Kuya kuba yinto ephosakeleyo ukucinga ukuba abantu ababhinqileyo abaphulukana nokuphuphuma kwesisu bahlupheka kancinci kunabafazi abaphulukana nokukhulelwa kwabo bahlelwa njengokubeleka. Indawo ayiphandwanga kancinci, kodwa amava okuphuma kwesisu atshintshe kakhulu okoko u-Irv Leon, ugqirha wezengqondo kunye noprofesa okwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan, waqala ukusebenza kwindawo yokulahleka kokukhulelwa ngo-1985.

'Emva koko, ukuphuma kwesisu yayingengawo amava okuphulukana nosana, kwathathelwa ingqalelo njengokulahleka kokukhulelwa,' uxelele MediaMente. NgokukaLeon, indlela abasetyhini abafumana ngayo ukukhulelwa kwinqanaba lokuqala njengosana luyinxalenye ngenxa 'yokusetyenziswa kwe-ultrasound, ngakumbi kwangoko kwangoko, kunye nokuqaqamba okukhulu nokucaca kwemifanekiso.'

'Malunga neeveki ezisibhozo, xa ubani enamava e-ultrasound apho abona ukubetha kwentliziyo, rhoqo esi sisiqalo senkqubo yokufumana ukukhulelwa eselusana,' utshilo uLeon. 'Ngeli xesha laphambi koko, ukukhulelwa kuhlala kuyinto ekhawulezayo, xa umama enamava omntwana & hamba; kwikota yesibini yesibini. ' Ngoku ka isifundo ngoJuni phakathi I-Obstetrics kunye neGynecology , Iipesenti ezingama-37 zabasetyhini ekuye kwavavanywa kubo abaye bafumana ukukhulelwa kwesisu bakukhulelwa njengokulahleka komntwana.

Kodwa ukuphulukana nokukhulelwa kunokuba neentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kubantu abohlukeneyo. NjengoJoanne Cacciatore, PhD, unjingalwazi oncedisayo eArizona State University kunye nomsunguli weSiseko seMISS, 'Kumfazi oye, mhlawumbi, wayenengxaki yokungafumani bantwana, kwaye uzama ukukhulelwa iminyaka emihlanu, kwaye ekugqibeleni uyakhulelwa , kwaye uchwayitile, kwaye uxelele wonke umntu… kwaye kwiiveki ezili-12 akachazanga — loo nto iyilahleko enkulu kuye. '

U-Martha Diamond, i-PhD, uthi ngokusekwe kuphando lwakhe, 'zeziphi iziphumo inqanaba lentlungu eliyintsingiselo yelahleko kumntu okanye esi sibini. Ukuphulukana kwangoko kunokuba yinto ebuhlungu, okanye akunakuba njalo. ' Kwi-Cacciatore, kunye neDayimane oku kuthetha ukuba kubalulekile ukunika abazali ulawulo kunye nokukhetha malunga nokwenzekayo emva kokuphulukana nokukhulelwa. Oku, ngokukaLeon, kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu zengqondo njengokuziphatha okuhle. Ukubonelela ngokhetho kwimeko yokungabinakunceda kunokunceda ngokwengqondo abazali ngokunciphisa kunye nokujamelana nento enokuba ngamava anzima okuphulukana nokukhulelwa.

Njengabazali abaninzi eMelika, iiRaefs azange zinikwe thuba lokukhetha indlela yokuma kokugqibela kokukhulelwa kwabo. Oku kwabakhokelela kumngcipheko ogqithileyo kwezonyango, kodwa ekugqibeleni kwabanika into ababeyifuna: ithuba lokungcwaba usana lwabo, ababelithiye igama lokuba nguLiam, kulandela inkonzo encinci kwiplani yosapho. Le yayiyinto ebanike, ngamagama abo, 'uvakalelo olunzulu lokuvalwa.' UCacciatore uthi ukuvunyelwa ukuphawula ilahleko ngenkonzo nangomngcwabo- isithethe-kubalulekile kwinkqubo yokulila.

Isiko libaluleke kakhulu kuthi ukuze sikwazi ukwenza iimvakalelo zethu, ukuze sikwazi ukunxibelelana nabanye ekulahlekelweni, utshilo uCacciatore. 'Ngandlel' ithile, abazali basebenzisa eli siko ukuze bakwazi ukwenza olo thando kunye nokunxibelelana abahlala beva ukuba akunandaba, nokuba ayicacanga. Ngokwenkcubeko, ngendlela engacacanga, siyayiva. '

Ukuziqhelanisa nako kunokubaluleka nokuba umzimba awukho, ngokukaKristen Swanson, uMlawuli weKholeji yoNesi kwiYunivesithi yaseSeattle, owenze uphando olubanzi kunye nomsebenzi weklinikhi nabasetyhini abafumana ukulahleka kokukhulelwa. 'Abantu bathetha nge & ampos; ukwenza umsitho, & apos; kodwa andikhumbuli abantu bethetha kakhulu malunga nokusebenzisa imveliso, 'uSwanson uxelele iVICE. 'Kwaye kunje ngokungathi banomngcwabo ofanelekileyo wenkumbulo kwaye banomsitho ofanelekileyo ojikeleze loo nto.'

Kodwa uCacciatore ugxininisa ukuba nangona kunjalo usapho lukhetha ukuphawula ukulahleka kokukhulelwa ngenxa yokuphuma kwesisu-ukuba benza njalo-yinto ekufuneka ihlale ikhethwe ngumntu ngamnye, kwaye yinto enganyanzelwanga kubazali. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba isithethe singanyanzelwa ebantwini. Ngokukodwa ilahleko yokuqala, kuba abanye abantu basetyhini abanokuba bengengomntwana, utshilo.

Nawuphi na umthetho ojongana neentsalela zokukhulelwa unokubakho ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngelixa ingumbandela owahlukileyo, ukusondela kwingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nokuqhomfa kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwingqondo yabamele amaxabiso amane xa yena nabasebenzi bakhe babeyila umthetho waseTexas.

'Besilumke kakhulu kwaye sizicebisa ngolwimi esilusebenzisileyo, kuba nangaliphi na ixesha xa uqala ukungena kwingxoxo-mpikiswano okanye indawo yomthetho okanye umthetho ocetywayo apho ujongana khona nokuhlala komntwana, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukucinga ukuba uyangena Kumcimbi wobomi / wobomi, kwaye oko kunokubenza babonakale ngokukhawuleza abantu, 'Ixabiso laxelela iVICE. 'Lo mthetho usayilwayo wawungenanto yakwenza nalo mbandela, into esasizimisele ukuyenza yayikukuqinisekisa ukuba abazali abaphulukane nokuphuma kwesisu… banelungelo elipheleleyo lokulawula imeko yomntwana wabo kunye neepos.'

E-UK, ethe gca yamkela isimo senkululeko ngakumbi kwimicimbi yokuziphatha okuhle ejikeleze imibungu kunye neembumba, iGunya leTissue Human, iarhente yaseburhulumenteni, ikhuphe isikhokelo esihlaziyiweyo ekuvukeni kwehlazo lika-2014. Ngoku nabani na olahla ukukhulelwa uhlala (kwiveki engaphambi kwama-24) kufuneka anike isigulana ulwazi olucacileyo ngomlomo okanye ngokubhaliweyo malunga neendlela zokulahla ezikhoyo (ezibandakanya ukutshiswa komntu kunye nokungcwatywa), kunye nokubonelela ngomfazi ukuba akhethe ukufumana ulwazi. , ngaloo ndlela sivumela isibhedlele ukuba sikhethe indlela yokulahla. Ikwavala ngokucacileyo ukudibanisa ukukhulelwa kunye nenkunkuma yeklinikhi yokutshisa ngokudibeneyo. E-UK, oku kwenzeka kuphela emva kwesikhalazo sikazwelonke ekukhanyeni kwehlazo. Okwangoku, utshintsho eMelika ngoku luqhutywa yimizamo yomthetho ngamanye amaxesha-ihlala ikhuthazwa bubuntu kunokuba nomothuko welizwe.

Nokuba umthetho sele ukho, isigqibo sokulahla usana olungekazalwa luhlala ngandlela ithile, enyanisweni, ayinakuba lukhetho. UMarsh uxelele I-MediaMente, 'Ukuba isibhedlele silahla intsalela, isibhedlele siyayihlawula. Ukuba abazali banokukhetha, ngoku abazali kufuneka baye kufuna umngcwabo kunye nomlawuli womngcwabo [ngeendleko zabo]. '

Abahlali baseNebraska uStephanie Hopp kunye nomyeni wakhe uAndrew bazifumana bekwimeko efana nale. Kunyaka ophelileyo, uHopp wafumana isisu kwiiveki ezilishumi. U-Hopp uxelele i-MediaMente, 'Kusuku olungaphambi kotyando, xa benditsalela umnxeba, ndibuze ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwizintsalela emva koko. [Isibhedlele] sandixelele ukuba bathabatha lonke usana olungekazalwa lunye kunye kwaye amaxesha ngamaxesha bayalutshisa. Baye bathi abazukukwazi ukuchaza ukuba bazakubeka phi [izidumbu ezitshisiweyo] emva koko. ' Xa uHopp wanyanzela ilungelo lakhe lokulawula imeko yokugqibela yokukhulelwa kwakhe, uthi waxelelwa, '& apos; Ungazenzela iindleko zomzi wakho wokungcwaba kwaye uhlawule yonke into ngokwakho, okanye ungenza oko isibhedlele sikunika kona. Simahla. & apos; ' Xa umyeni wakhe ebabiza ejikeleza amakhaya endawo yokungcwaba, bafumanisa ukuba ukutshiswa komzimba kwakuza kubabiza malunga ne- $ 1,000, isixa-mali esingavumelekanga kwiintsapho ezininzi.

Le yayiyinkxalabo yokuba amaxabiso ayesazi kakuhle xa kuyilwa umthetho waseTexas. Ngelixa kungekho nkqubo iqhelekileyo yezibhedlele okanye amakhaya emingcwabo, ucacisele iVice ukuba 'amakhaya amaninzi emingcwabo aya kuziphatha ezi zindlu ngokungabizi kakhulu okanye ngamanye amaxesha simahla. Ndiyathemba ukuba [oku] akuyi kubangela imeko apho kuphela abo baxhamle kakhulu kwezoqoqosho abanokuthi basebenzise umthetho. Ndicinga ukuba izibhedlele kunye namakhaya emingcwabo zihlala zihlala abazali. '

Ewe, isibhedlele ekugqibeleni samkela isicelo sikaStephanie Hopp & apos: 'Bekungekho & apos; de kwaba lusuku loqhaqho ndafumana umnxeba bathi, & ampos; Uyazi yintoni, siyisebenzisile nekhaya labangcwabi esisebenza nalo kwaye uza kuhlawula yonke into. '

Kwabanye abaninzi eMelika, olu hlobo lokhetho-kunye nemfesane enesiphumo- azikho njalo. E-Connecticut, apho kungekho lungiselelo elisemthethweni labazali lokukhetha, isisa Ithemba emva kokulahleka ebesoloko exhasa abantu abasentlungwini yokuphulukana nokukhulelwa phantse iminyaka engama-20. Ukusukela ngo-2010 eli qela, ngokusebenzisana neKelly Ryan Foundation, belibonelela ngenkxaso mali yokulahla iintsalela ngokweminqweno yabazali. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, bancede ngaphezulu kweentsapho ezingama-60 kwiConnecticut. Kumava abo, iindleko ziyahluka 'kuxhomekeka ekubeni ufuna malini na, kwaye loo nto iyahluka ngokwenene kwikhaya labangcwabi.

Akukho ncwadi yemithetho yendlela yokuphatha isisu, kwaye imeko iphakamisa izigqibo ezinzima: kungaphelelanga apho, nokuba ungalila njani. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, ngokwamazwi kaJoshua noErica Raef, 'kukunika abazali ilungelo lokwenza ukhetho.' E-Texas nase-16 kwezinye iindawo oku kuyinyani-kodwa kulo lonke elaseMelika kuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe. Kodwa naxa elo lungelo likhuselekile, inokuba linyathelo lokuqala kuphela; iimeko ezinje ngeeHops & apos; Iya kuba yinto exhaphake ngakumbi ngaphandle kokuba izibhedlele ziqinisekisa, ngomgaqo-nkqubo okanye ngomthetho, ukuba ubuchule bomfazi nokungcwaba okanye ukutshisa oko akuqondayo ukuba lusana lwakhe akuxhomekekanga ekubeni ahlawule.

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