Ukuvuna iOman kwiintaba zesithili saseTaywara, eGhor, ngoSeptemba 2019 Ifoto: Umbutho woPhuhliso oluZinzileyo noPhando / uDavid MansfieldYonke le nto yaqala ngomgqomo omhlophe omhlophe weplastiki ogcwele igoo eluhlaza. Kwi-2018 kwiphondo lase-Bakwa elisemazantsi-ntshona e-Afghanistan, iqela labasebenzi base-Afghanistan baphanda ifuthe lemikhankaso yokuqhushumba moya e-US ngokuchasene neelebhu ze-opium ekuqaleni kwaloo nyaka. Kunye nezindlu zasefama ezingasasetyenziswanga ezitshatyalaliswe yi-B-52s kunye ne-F-35s, iqela, elikhokelwa nguDavid Mansfield, igosa eliphambili kwiSikolo seLondon seZiko lezoQoqosho leLizwe kwiZiko leMigaqo-nkqubo, lafumana ilebhu enemigqomo ezaliswe zizinto ezitshixwayo zezityalo eziwela emanzini.
Iqela likhubekile kwindlela entsha engabizi kwaye elula yokwenza i-methamphetamine ngesityalo se-ephedra. Obu buchule bunyusa ukwanda kwemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwingingqi, ngokwe-a ingxelo entsha Iqela lipapashe ngoMvulo.
Imveliso enkulu yemeth usebenzisa i-ephedra ngumtshintshi womdlalo, utshilo uMansfield. Ukuhlutha imeth eAfghanistan kunyuke-kwaye abasebenzi beziyobisi baxela ukwanda okukhulu kokusetyenziswa. Sibhala ishishini elitsha elitsha nelikhulayo leziyobisi eAfghanistan.
Utata kunye nonyana bavuna iOman kwisithili saseTaywara, eGhor, ngeyoMsintsi 2019 / Zonke iifoto: Umbutho woPhuhliso oluZinzileyo noPhando / uDavid Mansfield
Kunye ne-opium poppy kunye ne-heroin, inzuzo enkulu yorhwebo lweziyobisi ngoku inyuse ixabiso le-shrub yentaba ebingakhathalelwanga ngaphambili kwaye iphantse yangena ebantwini eyaziwa njenge-oman - ukudala ishishini lasekhaya kwimveliso ye-methamphetamine e-Afghanistan, ilizwe elinqabileyo nayiphi na imbali yokusetyenziswa kwemeth. Oku kuncede ukondla ingxaki ekhulayo yokusetyenziswa kwemeth phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-heroin baseKabul abayi-150,000, utshilo abasebenzi bendawo abasebenzisa iziyobisi, abachaphazela ilizwe esele lixhwalekile yindlala, imfazwe, kunye neziyobisi.
Loo meth ingenziwa kwi-herb kudala yaziwa ngoosokhemesti, kodwa ukusebenzisa i-ephedra njengendlela yokuvelisa iziyobisi ngobuninzi akuzange kwenzeke ngenxa yobuninzi bezinto ezingafunekiyo ezifunekayo. Kodwa dibanisa inkuthazo yezoqoqosho, imfuno ekhulayo yemeth phakathi kwabasebenzisi beziyobisi eKabul, kunye namafama ahluphekayo azimisele ukusebenzela i $ 30 ngosuku evuna isivuno sasendle, kwaye unazo zonke izithako zenoveli, ishishini elitsha.
Ngelixa i-gooey opium latex ibiliswa kwimigqomo yentsimbi ukwenza isiseko se-morphine, esiba yi-heroin, iqela le-Mansfield lafumanisa ukuba yayisisicatshulwa esingaqhelekanga esivela kwinto efana nengca. Abaphandi bam babuza ngeenxa zonke ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni, kwaye labuya ilizwi: yayiluhlobo oluthile lwesityalo, isihlahla sasendle okanye esingapheliyo, esasiqokelelwa ngabavuni abasuka kwi-2400 yeemitha [i-8,000-yeemitha] iintaba zephondo laseGhor , Utshilo uMansfield.
Sathetha nabantu abaninzi, safumanisa ukuba yayivunwa ngamadoda namakhwenkwe aneerhengqa ezincinci, ezomisiweyo, ezirhabaxa, zaza zathengiswa emazantsi entaba kubarhwebi abaza kuyiqhuba baye kuthengisa. Apho, yayiza kuthengiswa kubanini beelebhu ukwenza i-crystal methamphetamine.
Oman ikhula kwiintaba zesithili saseWaghaz, Ghazni, Epreli 2019
Kwixesha elidlulileyo isityalo besisetyenziswa njengamafutha ebusika, abavuni be-oman, bonke abacele ukungachazwa ngezizathu zomthetho, batsho. Siyithengisa ngale ndoda [umlinganiselo wobunzima bendawo olingana ne-4.5 kgs, okanye iiponti ezili-10], 'omnye okhethiweyo uxelele iqela laseMansfield & apos; 'Iyathengiswa kwilali yam kubarhwebi abavela eDelarem [isixeko esikumantla wePhondo laseNimruz, kumazantsi eAfghanistan]. Kwixesha elidlulileyo yayithengiswa kwindawo yezorhwebo yesithili ngeenkuni. Ishishini laqala kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo xa abarhwebi baqala ukuza elalini. '
Omnye oman picker uxelele abaphandi, Ikhulile ezintabeni ixesha elide kakhulu; ikhula endle. Akukho mntu uyikhathaleleyo, abantu baya ezintabeni ngexesha lokuvuna. Xa ndinexesha lokukhulula, ndiye entabeni. Ngexesha elinye ndisebenza iintsuku ezingama-30 kwisivuno kwaye ndinokuqokelela ukuya kuthi ga kumadoda ali-10 [45 kg, okanye 99 lbs ngosuku olunye. '
Abavelisi beziyobisi baseAfghan ngokwesiko babesebenzisa amayeza okususa amayeza aqukethe i-pseudoephedrine njengezinto ezisisiseko sokuguqula zibe yimeth, utshilo uMansfield. Kodwa abahlali abanolwazi lwentengiso ye-meth baxelele abaphandi ukuba u-oman uzinciphisile iindleko zabanikazi beelebhu ze-meth kwisiqingatha ngaphakathi kwiminyaka nje embalwa, ekhokelela ekurhwebeni kwintengiso yemifuno kunye neziyobisi ezivelisayo.
Abaphandi kwiqela laseMansfield bathi akukho mntu waziyo ukuba abantu base-Afghan bafumanise njani umxholo wesityalo se-alkaloid, yiyo loo nto yenza ukuba kube lula ukwenza i-meth. Yintoni eqinisekileyo yeyokuba i-oman luhlobo lwase-Afghan lwe-ephedra, oluqina oluhlala luhleli luvunwa ngo-Agasti unyaka nonyaka oluqukethe indawo eziphezulu kakhulu (ezijikeleze iipesenti ezi-2.6) ze-ephedrine evuselelayo, eyayisetyenziswa entshona ngeminyaka ye-1950s njengonyango lwesifuba . I-Ephedra iye yasetyenziswa kumayeza emveli amaTshayina kwinjongo enye yokuvuselela amandla iminyaka eliwaka, kwaye yaziwa apho njenge-ma-huang. Abakhi bomzimba kwihlabathi liphela basebenzisa i-ephedrine, i-alkaloid ekhethiweyo, ukunqanda ukutya, nangona kungekho bungqina bokuba iyangqinelana nokusebenza ngayo nayiphi na indlela.
Sisityalo sasendle, akukho mntu wasilimayo. Ayinabo ubomi, ayinayo intyatyambo. Ifana nje nentonga encinci. Ikhula ukusuka ngo-Matshi ukuya ku-Okthobha kodwa xa kufika ubusika, ukukhula kuyayeka, umntu okhethiweyo uxelele abaphandi.
E-Afghanistan, i-oman ngaphambili yayithengiswa ngamanani amancinci kubarhwebi njengeyeza lesintu kunye nonyango lokukhohlela. Kodwa iqela le-LSE kungekudala lafunda ukuba amaqela angamakhulu, mhlawumbi amawaka amafama axhasayo kumazantsi alo mmandla weentaba ahlisa amakhulu eepawundi zesityalo veki nganye. Ilori enye yeetoni ezili-15 ye-oman eyomileyo inokwenza i-265kg [584 lbs] yemeth, utshilo uMansfield. Abanye abantu basixelele ukuba benza iihambo ezilishumi ngonyaka.
Ndinelori yam, umrhwebi oman uxelele iqela laseMansfield & apos; Ndithathe iminyaka emibini, ndahambisa oman ukusuka eTaywara ukuya eGulistan, ngamanye amaxesha ukuya eBakwa. Ndithutha oman ukusuka eTulak. Ngeli shishini, ndinokuyihlawula imali-mboleko yam. '
Omnye umrhwebi wathi: Kule minyaka mithathu ndize apha [indawo engaziwayo] ukuthenga i-oman. Ndihlala apha iinyanga ezine. ' Uye wathi ngeli xesha lonyaka uthenga kwaye uthengisa i-130 metric ton yesityalo.
Eyona ndawo iphambili kurhwebo lwe-oman ngu-Abdul Wadood Bazaar e-Bakwa, kwiphondo laseFarah. Apho, abathengisi bathenga kwaye bathengise isityalo kunye neeflas zeglasi, izinyibilikisi, iasidi kunye neayodini. Uninzi lwale khithi alusetyenziswanga kurhwebo lwe-heroin, olubonisa intengiso eyomeleleyo kunye nophuhliso lwendawo ejikeleze i-ephedra. Imakethi yabhombiswa ngumkhosi wase-US ngo-Epreli 2019. Ngoku abahlali bathengisa nje ngaphakathi kumakhaya abo, abaphandi bathi.
Kukho urhwebo oluqhubekayo lwesango lentaba e-ephedra enxibelelene ngqo neBakwa, iphondo laseFarah, apho uninzi lweelebhu ze-meth zigxile, utshilo uMansfield. Uphando lubonisa abapheki beemeth batshintshile ekusebenziseni i-decongestant njengesithako esiyintloko ekusebenziseni isityalo se-ephedra.
Imifanekiso enesisombululo esiphakamileyo ibonisa inani elikhulayo leelebhu ezizaliswe ziindawo zokuthambisa [imingxunya emhlabeni ezaliswe yingqushu yokuchitha izinto ezingamanzi ezisetyenzisiweyo] ezingasetyenziswanga kwimveliso ye-opiate-kunye nemarike enkulu kunye nevenkile enkulu ye-ephedra, ebekujoliswe kuyo Ugqogqo kabini lweMikhosi yase-Afghanistan, utshilo uMansfield.
Idatha ye-UN ibonisa ukubetha okubukhali ekubanjweni kwe-meth e-Afghanistan ukusuka kwi-9kg ngo-2014 ukuya kwi-127 eyabanjwa ngo-2017. Ukuxhuzulwa kwaminyaka yonke kubethe i-180kg kwi-2018 kwaye sele befikile kwi-650kg kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-2019, ngokwe-Ofisi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiZiyobisi noLwaphulo-mthetho. (UNODC). Ukubanjwa kweMethamphetamine kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala ze-2019 kudlula ezo ze-2018 iphela, utshilo uMark Colhoun, we-UNODC e-Afghanistan.
Oman ibekwe ukuba yome kwisithili saseTaywara, kwiphondo laseGhor, ngoSeptemba 2019
Inye hawar (450g) ye-ephedra ithengisa nge-284 yeedola eBakwa. Oku kungenza i-12 yeephedrine, abapheki beemeth eBakwa baxelele abaphandi be-LSE. Oko kunokuguqulwa kube yi-8kg ye-crystal meth usebenzisa imichiza efumaneka simahla kubandakanya i-toluene kunye ne-iodine.
Ikhilogram enye yemeth ithengisa nge-316 yeedola, kwaye malunga ne-2 500 yeedola kuyo yonke i-8kg, utshilo uMansfield, esithi akukho bungqina bokuba i-herbal meth ithunyelwe ngaphandle kwelizwe. Yaphulwe yathengiswa ezitalatweni kwikomkhulu, iKabul, ikhilo nganye ingathengiswa nge- $ 10,000- $ 12,000 ngokwe-Murtaza Majeed, osebenza esitalatweni ngokuNcitshiswa kweHadget Afghanistan. Uthe i-meth ibambe nkqi kubasebenzisi be-heroin besixeko kule minyaka idlulileyo.
UMeth uvele okokuqala eKabul ngo-2014, utshilo uMajeed. Abasebenzisi beHeroin baxelelwa ngabathengisi ukuba iyabanceda ukubetha i-opiate addiction, kwaye emva kwexesha lasemva komtshato lokuvuseleleka, uninzi luye lwaphela lungamakhoboka azo zombini iziyobisi kwaye abanye ngoku banengxaki ye-amphetamine psychosis engapheliyo.
UMajeed uqikelele ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-95 zazo zonke i-Kabul's 100,000 ukuya kwi-150,000 yokufaka inaliti abasebenzisi be-heroin ngoku basebenzisa imeth nayo. Bayayitshaya, ikakhulu, kodwa enye inaliti iyaqala ngoku. Ndicinga ukuba kungekudala siza kubona ubhubhane wenaliti yemeth, utshilo.
I-Oman igalelwe umgubo ngaphambi kokuba ihanjiswe kwiilebhu ze-meth, isithili se-Bakwa, i-Farah, ngoSeptemba 2019
I-Meth ixabisa i-3 yeedola kwikota-gram hit, ngelixa i-heroin ibiza i- $ 2 ithamo. La machiza mabini asetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo, kakhulu njengoko i-heroin isetyenziswa emva kwecocaine ukunciphisa umlo ohlaziyayo. Iyeza lithengiswa kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiMaranjan, embindini weKabul, utshilo uMajeed. Amapolisa anganyanisekanga athabatha imali evela kubathengisi bendawo, abahlala kwiintente ezikufutshane kwaye bathengisela nabani na abakwishumi elivisayo ukuya kwabaneminyaka engama-75 ubudala. Kukho abantu abangama-500-1,000 abathenga i-meth kunye ne-heroin apho yonke imihla, utshilo.
Nge-Epreli 2019, imikhosi yase-US kunye ne-Afghan allies zaqhushumba oko babanga ukuba ziilebhu ze-meth ze-68 kwingingqi ye-Bakwa. Impembelelo kolu hlaselo yayibaxiwe ngamagosa ase-Afghanistan. Kodwa inyani yokuba abasebenza nge-USFOR-A bakwazi ukufumana nokutshabalalisa iilebhu ezininzi ngemini enye kubonisa ubungakanani borhwebo-urhwebo olungenakuze lubekho ngaphandle konyuso lwengeniso yokuthintelwa kweziyobisi.
Imithombo yeendaba yalapha yaxela ukuba abanqolobi abali-150 baseTaliban babulawa kolo hlaselo, nangona inani kunye nohlobo lwebango ziphikiswa. Abahlali kunye nabasebenzisi beziyobisi bathi okoko kugqogqo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokutya kwe-meth kunye ne-oman, amaxabiso sele ehlile, zombini i-oman kunye ne-meth, kwaye olo nikezelo luhlala lungaphazanyiswa.
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